Methods for sun ephemerides calculations
sun-methods.RdFunctions for calculating sunrise, sunset, and times of dawn and dusk, with flexibility for the various formal definitions. They use algorithms provided by the National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).
# S4 method for SpatialPoints,POSIXct
crepuscule(crds, dateTime, solarDep, direction=c("dawn", "dusk"),
POSIXct.out=FALSE)
# S4 method for matrix,POSIXct
crepuscule(crds, dateTime,
proj4string=CRS("+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84"), solarDep,
direction=c("dawn", "dusk"), POSIXct.out=FALSE)
# S4 method for SpatialPoints,POSIXct
sunriset(crds, dateTime, direction=c("sunrise", "sunset"),
POSIXct.out=FALSE)
# S4 method for matrix,POSIXct
sunriset(crds, dateTime,
proj4string=CRS("+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84"),
direction=c("sunrise", "sunset"), POSIXct.out=FALSE)
# S4 method for SpatialPoints,POSIXct
solarnoon(crds, dateTime, POSIXct.out=FALSE)
# S4 method for matrix,POSIXct
solarnoon(crds, dateTime,
proj4string=CRS("+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84"),
POSIXct.out=FALSE)
# S4 method for SpatialPoints,POSIXct
solarpos(crds, dateTime, ...)
# S4 method for matrix,POSIXct
solarpos(crds, dateTime,
proj4string=CRS("+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84"), ...)Arguments
- crds
a
SpatialPointsormatrixobject, containing x and y coordinates (in that order).- dateTime
a POSIXct object with the date and time associated to calculate ephemerides for points given in crds.
- solarDep
numeric vector with the angle of the sun below the horizon in degrees.
- direction
one of "dawn", "dusk", "sunrise", or "sunset", indicating which ephemerides should be calculated.
- POSIXct.out
logical indicating whether POSIXct output should be included.
- proj4string
string with valid projection string describing the projection of data in
crds.- ...
other arguments passed through.
Details
NOAA used the reference below to develop their Sunrise/Sunset
https://gml.noaa.gov/grad/solcalc/sunrise.html and Solar Position
https://gml.noaa.gov/grad/solcalc/azel.html Calculators. The algorithms include corrections for atmospheric refraction effects.
Input can consist of one location and at least one POSIXct times, or one POSIXct time and at least one location. solarDep is recycled as needed.
Do not use the daylight savings time zone string for supplying dateTime, as many OS will not be able to properly set it to standard time when needed.
Warning
Compared to NOAA's original Javascript code, the sunrise and sunset estimates from this translation may differ by +/- 1 minute, based on tests using selected locations spanning the globe. This translation does not include calculation of prior or next sunrises/sunsets for locations above the Arctic Circle or below the Antarctic Circle.
Value
crepuscule, sunriset, and solarnoon return a
numeric vector with the time of day at which the event occurs,
expressed as a fraction, if POSIXct.out is FALSE; otherwise they
return a data frame with both the fraction and the corresponding
POSIXct date and time.
solarpos returns a matrix with the solar azimuth (in degrees
from North), and elevation.
Note
NOAA notes that “for latitudes greater than 72 degrees N and S, calculations are accurate to within 10 minutes. For latitudes less than +/- 72 degrees accuracy is approximately one minute.”
References
Meeus, J. (1991) Astronomical Algorithms. Willmann-Bell, Inc.
Examples
## Location of Helsinki, Finland, in decimal degrees,
## as listed in NOAA's website
hels <- matrix(c(24.97, 60.17), nrow=1)
Hels <- SpatialPoints(hels, proj4string=CRS("+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84"))
d041224 <- as.POSIXct("2004-12-24", tz="EET")
## Astronomical dawn
crepuscule(hels, d041224, solarDep=18, direction="dawn", POSIXct.out=TRUE)
#> day_frac time
#> newlon 0.2762 2004-12-24 06:37:43
crepuscule(Hels, d041224, solarDep=18, direction="dawn", POSIXct.out=TRUE)
#> day_frac time
#> newlon 0.2762 2004-12-24 06:37:43
## Nautical dawn
crepuscule(hels, d041224, solarDep=12, direction="dawn", POSIXct.out=TRUE)
#> day_frac time
#> newlon 0.3121822 2004-12-24 07:29:32
crepuscule(Hels, d041224, solarDep=12, direction="dawn", POSIXct.out=TRUE)
#> day_frac time
#> newlon 0.3121822 2004-12-24 07:29:32
## Civil dawn
crepuscule(hels, d041224, solarDep=6, direction="dawn", POSIXct.out=TRUE)
#> day_frac time
#> newlon 0.3519249 2004-12-24 08:26:46
crepuscule(Hels, d041224, solarDep=6, direction="dawn", POSIXct.out=TRUE)
#> day_frac time
#> newlon 0.3519249 2004-12-24 08:26:46
solarnoon(hels, d041224, POSIXct.out=TRUE)
#> day_frac time
#> newlon 0.5137966 2004-12-24 12:19:52
solarnoon(Hels, d041224, POSIXct.out=TRUE)
#> day_frac time
#> newlon 0.5137966 2004-12-24 12:19:52
solarpos(hels, as.POSIXct(Sys.time(), tz="EET"))
#> [,1] [,2]
#> [1,] 269.4396 6.225295
solarpos(Hels, as.POSIXct(Sys.time(), tz="EET"))
#> [,1] [,2]
#> [1,] 269.4397 6.22529
sunriset(hels, d041224, direction="sunrise", POSIXct.out=TRUE)
#> day_frac time
#> newlon 0.3924249 2004-12-24 09:25:05
sunriset(Hels, d041224, direction="sunrise", POSIXct.out=TRUE)
#> day_frac time
#> newlon 0.3924249 2004-12-24 09:25:05
## Using a sequence of dates
Hels_seq <- seq(from=d041224, length.out=365, by="days")
up <- sunriset(Hels, Hels_seq, direction="sunrise", POSIXct.out=TRUE)
down <- sunriset(Hels, Hels_seq, direction="sunset", POSIXct.out=TRUE)
day_length <- down$time - up$time
plot(Hels_seq, day_length, type="l")
## Using a grid of spatial points for the same point in time
if (FALSE) {
grd <- GridTopology(c(-179,-89), c(1,1), c(359,179))
SP <- SpatialPoints(coordinates(grd),
proj4string=CRS("+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84"))
wint <- as.POSIXct("2004-12-21", tz="GMT")
win <- crepuscule(SP, wint, solarDep=6, direction="dawn")
SPDF <- SpatialGridDataFrame(grd,
proj4string=CRS("+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84"),
data=data.frame(winter=win))
image(SPDF, axes=TRUE, col=cm.colors(40))
}